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| c. 380 BC |
| | | Central to Plato's philosophy is the theory that there are higher Forms of reality, of which our senses perceive only a transient shadow | |
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| 367 BC |
| | | Aristotle, at the age of seventeen, comes to Athens to join Plato's academy | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | The brutal philosophy of Legalism contributes to the decline of the Zhou dynasty | |
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| c. 330 BC |
| | | Aristotle tackles wide-ranging subjects on a systematic basis, leaving to his successors an encyclopedia of contemporary thought | |
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| c. 170 |
| | | Marcus Aurelius is rare among emperors in writing twelve books of philosophical Meditations | |
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| c. 244 |
| | | Plotinus, moving from Alexandria to Rome, teaches the influential philosophy later known as Neo-Platonism | |
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| c. 413 |
| | | Prompted by the fall of Rome to the Visigoths, St Augustine undertakes a great work of Christian philosophy, the City of God | |
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| c. 525 |
| | | Boethius, in prison in Pavia and awaiting execution, writes the Consolation of Philosophy | |
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| 529 |
| | | Justinian closes down the schools of Athens, famous for their tradition of pagan philosophy | |
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| c. 930 |
| | | Saadiah Gaon writes a seminal work of Jewish philosophy in his Book of Beliefs and Opinions | |
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